: By the 16th and 17th centuries, sophisticated centralized states emerged, including the
By the 16th to 19th centuries, organized kingdoms emerged, such as the Kazembe (Lunda) , Bemba , Chewa , and Lozi . These groups engaged in extensive trade involving copper, ivory, and textiles. 2. The Colonial Period (1888–1964) history pamphlet pdf zambia
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